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1.10 Computer Modelling of the Water Supply System Management

Technical Description

Various computerized management systems have been developed to optimize the operation of water supply systems. For example, the City of Gdynia, Poland, makes use of the OPUS® program for the optimization of its freshwater supply system. Optimization of the water supply system and its components is very important in the planning and management of the system and results in greater conservation and fewer transportation losses of freshwater within the distribution network. A prerequisite for the application of computer-based operations models is a thorough understanding the water supply network and the complete documentation and mapping of each element of the network (including pipe diameter, material, length, year of construction, and friction index). Data on water distribution within the system is also required and can be obtained, indirectly, from marketing bureaus or, directly, from water meter record. Field measurements are also typically needed to verify and calibrate the model.

Extent of Use

Computer-based optimization of water supply networks has been undertaken in only a few urban areas. In Poland, this technology has been implemented in a few cities, including the City of Gdynia, which uses a commercially-available computer program. This program is based upon mathematical graph theory, with the supply points being depicted as nodes within the system connected with arcs. The mathematical modules representing the nodes within the supply system define operational parameters such as distribution areas and water source areas, and length and changes in the diameter or smoothness of the pipe walls. The modules representing the arcs define supply sections, pumps, and valves.

Operation and Maintenance

Skilled engineers and technicians are required for data collection and modelling. Maintenance consists of on-going data collection and entry as water supply networks are upgraded or replaced. Level of Involvement This technology is generally implemented at the municipal level by specialist service firms.

Costs

Depending on the availability of adequate data regarding the distribution system and the level of complexity of the model chosen, the cost of this technology may be relatively low, consisting of the cost of the software and staff time. However, should extensive data collection be required or a computer model need to be developed, costs could be considerable, comprising not only the cost of the computer program, field measurements, data collection, and mathematical modelling.

Effectiveness of the Technology

This technology provides a means to optimize both existing and planned freshwater supply systems. Such optimization, in the longer term, can reduce uncertainties in the estimation of demand and provide information on optimal rerouting of supplies in the event of breakdowns in the supply system. This technology is also useful in designing new systems or additions to existing systems.

Suitability

This technology is especially suitable for use in planning large, complex supply systems in urban areas.

Advantages

This technology reduces the problems associated with ineffective distribution within delivery systems (e.g., by minimizing transit times) through an improved understanding of the supply network. This enhances supply effectiveness, reduces power demands associated with pump operations, and lengthens the working life of the infrastructure and water supply facilities. The models can be used to simulate current and future conditions within a distribution system under various conditions, to plan operation and repair activities, and to assess changes in the system and required improvements due to the reconfiguration or enlargement of the network.

Disadvantages

These models are data intensive, requiring well-documented system information that may not be readily available or correct.

Cultural Acceptability

This technology is largely an hidden technology used by the system engineers. However, provided the level of computerization is adequate for the operation of this type of model, systems modelling is well-accepted.

Further Development of the Technology

Better data collection, organization, and data base creation, as a standard procedure in system design, construction and operation, would enhance the ability of municipalities and water utilities to implement this technology effectively.

Information Sources

Dr Marian Kulbik, Sanitation Engineery Unit, Hydrotechnical Department, Technical University of Gda sk, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-992 Gda sk, Poland, Tel. (48-58) 472103, Tel./fax: (48-58) 472421.

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