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<Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in East and Central Europe>

The countries of Eastern and Central Europe have seen growing pressure on water resources, with increasing demand and costs, for agricultural, domestic and industrial consumption. This has brought about the need to maximize and augment the use of existing or unexploited sources of freshwater. There are many modern and traditional alternative technologies for improving the utility and augmenting the supply of water being employed in various countries, but with limited application elsewhere due to the lack of information transfer among water resources managers and planners.

The "Source Book of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Eastern and Central Europe" was prepared by the Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas (IETU) as part of the joint United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Water Branch and International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC) initiative to provide water resource managers and planners, especially in developing countries and in countries with economies in transition, with information on the range of technologies that have been developed and used in the various countries throughout the world. UNEP wish to thank the Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas and those individuals involved in the preparation of this Source Book. This Source Book was compiled by Prof. R. Janikowski. The final revision of the Source Book was assisted by V. Santiago, C. Strohmann, and E. Khaka from UNEP IETC and Water Branch, respectively.

This information was gathered through surveys carried out on a regional basis--in Africa, Western Asia, East and Central Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Small Island Developing States. The results, including this Source Book, will be compiled into a Global Source Book on Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation to be used throughout the countries of the world.

It is hoped that the technologies summarized here will be useful in the sustainable development of the countries of Eastern and Central Europe and other regions.

Part A - INTRODUCTION

1. Background
2. Definitions
3. Methodology
4. Results of the Survey
5. Organisation of the Source Book

PartB - TECHNOLOGY PROFILES

1. Freshwater Augumentation Technologies

1.1 Drip-irrigation Systems
1.2 Non-invasive Renewal of Pipes
1.3 Non-invasive Renovation of Pipes
1.4 Collection and Reuse of Stormwater
1.5 Rainwater and Snowmelt Collection

1.6 Runoff Collection Using Surface Structures

1.7 Rational Dosing of Washing Powder

1.8 Lining of Solid Waste Disposal Sites

1.9 Use of Clear Minewater

1.10 Computer Modelling of the Water Supply System Management

1.11 Efficient Water Use in Small Hydropower Plants

 

2. Water Quality Improvement Technologies

2.1 Desalination of Minewater
2.2 Remediation of Polluted Groundwater
2.3 Lake Rehabilitation
2.4 Biofiltration

3. Wastewater Treatment Technologies and Reuse

3.1 Ozone (Electro-Plasma) Wastewater Treatment
3.2 Denitrification of Wastewater
3.3 Treatment of Wastewater from a Coking Plant
3.4 Food Industry Wastewater Treatment
3.5 Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment
3.6 Treatment of Wastewater from the Sugar Industry
3.7 Lemna-based Wastewater Treatment System

3.8 Land Treatment Using Trees

3.9 Hydrobotanical or Wetland Treatment

3.10 Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment

3.11 Microbiological Wastewater Treatment

3.12 Packaged Wastewater Treatment Plants

3.13 Oxidation and Stabilization Ponds

3.14 Water Recycling in the Galvanic Metals Industry

3.15 Recycling of Wastewater in the Transportation Industry

3.16 Recycling of Water in the Power Generation Industry

3.17 Irrigation with Diluted Liquid Manure

3.18 Reuse of Cooling Water for Fish Farming

3.19 Reuse of Wastewater for Irrigation of a Snail Farm

 

4 Water Conservation

4.1 Environmental Labelling of Water-saving Products
4.2 Water-saving Fixtures
4.3 Water Meters
4.4 TV Inspections

PART C - CASE STUDIES

5.1 Environmental Education Campaign: "Washing May Be Cheaper"
5.2 Biotechnology-based Wastewater Treatment
5.3 Beaver Reintroduction

PART D - ANNEX

1. Table of Conversion Factors for Metric and U.S. Customary Units

PART E - INSTITUTIONAL PROFILES

1. The UNEP Water Branch
2. The Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas (IEIA)

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