Guidelines for the Integrated Management of the Watershed


About UNEP	UNEP offices	News centre	Publications	Calendar	Awards	Milestones	UNEP Store

United Nations Environment Programme
Division of Technology, Industry and Economics

Newsletter and Technical Publications
Freshwater Management Series No. 5

Guidelines for the Integrated Management of the Watershed
- Phytotechnology and Ecohydrology -

Salt, D. E., Blalock, M. M., Kumar, P., Dushenkov, V., Ensley, B. D. & Raskin, I. 1995. Phytoremediation: a novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants, Biotechnology 13: 468-474.

Santiago V. F. (in press). Phytotechnologies: A comprehensive approach to watershed management.

Saraiva, J. M. B. & Silva Dias P. L. 1997. A case study of intense cyclogenesis off the southern coast of Brazil: Impact of SST, Stratiform and deep convection. 5th AMS Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography, Pretoria, South Africa,7-11 April 1997, Pre-prints, 368-369.

Sarnelle, O. 1996. Predicting the outcome of trophic manipulation in lakes - a comment on Harris (1994). Freshwater Biology 35: 339-342.

Savino, J. F. & Stein R. A. 1989. Behavior of fish predators and their prey: habitat choice between open water and dense vegetation. Environmental Biology of Fishes 24: 287-293.

Scherer, E., Mc. Nicol, R. E. & Murkin, E. J. 1984. Observations on Habitat Selection and Partitioning by Brook Charr, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) in the South Duck River, a Manitoba Woodland Stream. Canada Manitoba Report of Fish and Aquatic Science No 1788.

Schiemer, F., Keckeis H. & Flore, L. 2001. Ecotones and hydrology: key conditions for fish in large rivers. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, 1(1-2): 49-55.

Schlessinger, W. H. 1991. Biogeochemistry: an analysis of global change.Academic Press, INC. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, San Diego. 443 pp.

Schlosser, I. J. 1987. A conceptual framework for fish communities in small warmwater streams. p: 17-26 In: W.J. Matthews & D.C. Heins (Eds), Community and evolutionary Ecology of North American Stream Fishes, Oklahoma, Oklahoma University Press, Norman.

Schrödinger, E. 1944. What is life? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Schwab, G. O., Fangmeier, D. O, Elliot, W. J. & Frevet, R. K. 1993. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. John Wiley, New York.

Seitzinger, S. P. 1987. Nitrogen biochemistry in an unpolluted estuary: the importance of benthic denitrification. Marine Ecology Progress Series 37: 65-73.

Seitzinger, S. P., Nielsen, L. P., Cafrey, J. & Christensen, P. B. 1993. Denitrification measurements in aquatic sediments: A comparison of three mathods. Biogeochemistry 23: 147-167.

Shapiro, J., Lamarra, V. & Lynch, M. 1975. Biomanipulation: an ecosystem approach to lake restoration. p:85-96. In: P. L. Brezonik, J. & L. Fox (Ed.), Proceedings of a Symposium on Water Quality Management Through Biological Control, University of Florida.

Shaw, I. C., & Chadwick, J. 1998. Principles of Environmental Toxicology. Taylor & Francis Ltd, 216 pp.

Shiklomanov, I. A. 1998. Global renewable water resources. p. 3-13, In: H. Zebidi Ed. Water: a looming crisis? UNESCO IHP–V Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 18

Shugart, H. H., Leemans, R. & Bonan, G. B. (Eds) 1992. System Analysis of Global Boreal forests. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 565 pp.

Skaggs R. W., Chescheir G. M. & Gilliam J. W. 1990. Wetland Buffer Areas for Treatment of Pumped Agricultural Drainage Water, Rio de Janerio.

Smil, V. 2000. Feeding the World .A Challange for the Twenty-First Century. MIT Press, Cambridge. 388 pp.

Somebroek,W. G. 1991. The greenhouse effect, plant growth, and soils. Soils on a warmer Earth, Elsevier, Amsterdam 157-174.

Somlyódy, L., Yates, D. & Varis, O. 2001. Challenges to freshwater management. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, 1(1-2): 65-95.

Southwood, T. R. E. 1977. Habitat, the template for ecological strategies. Journal of Animal Ecology 46: 337-365.

Sprent, J. P. Sprent, J. 1990. Nitrogen fixing organisms: pure and applied aspects. Chapman and Hall, London, 256 pp.

Starkel, L. 1988. Global paleohydrology. Bulletin Polish Academy of Sciences, Earth Sciences 36:71-89

Staskraba, M. 1999. Retention time as a key variable of reservoir limnology. p. 385- 410 In: M. Staskraba and J.G. Tundisi (Eds). Theoretical Reservoir Ecology and its Applications.

Staskraba, M. & Tundisi, J. G. 1999a. Reservoir ecosystem functioning: theory and applicatin. p:565-597 In: M. Staskraba and J.G. Tundisi (Eds) Theoretical Reservoir Ecology and its Applications.

Staskraba, M. & Tundisi, J.G. 1999b. Reservoir Water Quality Management. Guide of Lake Management, ILEC, Shiga, Japan, 229 pp.

Statzner, B. & Higler, B. 1986. Stream hydraulics as a major determinant of benthic invertebrate zonation patterns. Freshwater Biology 16: 127-139.

Statzner, B., Resh, V. H. & Roux, A. L. 1994. The synthesis of long-term ecological research in the context of concurrently developed ecological theory: design of a research strategy for the Upper Rhone River and its floodplain. Freshwater Biology 31: 253-263.

Statzner, B., Bis, B., Doledec, S. & Usseglio-Polatera, P. 2001. Perspectives for biomonitoring at large spatial scales: a unified measure for the functional diversity of invertebrate communities in European running waters. Basic and Applied Ecology 2: 73-85.

Swanson, F. J., Gregory, S. V., Sedell, J. R. & Campbell A. G. 1982. Land-water interactions: the riparian zone. p. 267-291 In R.L. Edmonds (Ed.), Analysis of coniferous forest ecosystems in the western United States. Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA.

Tabacchi, E., Correll, D., Hauer, R., Pinay, G., Planty-Tabacchi, A.-M. & Wissmar R. 1998. Development, maintenance and role of riparian vegetation in the river landscape. Freshwater Biology 40 (3): 497-516.

Tarczynska, M., Izydorczyk, K. & Zalewski, M. 2001. Optimization of monitoring strategy for eutrophic reservoirs with toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Proceedings of 9^th International Conference on the Conservation and Management of Lakes, Otsu, Japan. 3C/D–P83: 572-575.

Tarczynska, M., Romanowska-Duda, Z., Jurczak, T. & Zalewski M. 2000. Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water reservoir- causes, consequences and management strategy. Water. Sciences, Technology and Water Supply 1 (2): 237-246.

Taub, F. B. (Ed.) 1984. Ecosystems of the world. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Thornton, J. A. (Ed.), 1982. Lake McIlwaine: the eutrophication and recovery of a tropical African man-made lake. Monographiae Biological vol. 49, Junk, The Hague. 251 pp.

Thornton, J. A., H. Beekman, G. Boddington, R. Dick, W. R. Harding, M. Lief, I. R. Morrison & A. J. R. Quick (1995) Chapter 8. The ecology and management of Zandvlei (Cape Province, South Africa), An enriched shallow African estuary. p. 109-128 In: A. McComb (Ed.), Eutrophic shallow estuaries and lagoons. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Thornton, J. A., W. Rast, M. M. Holland, G. Jolankai & S.-O. Ryding (Eds), 1999. The assessment and control of nonpoint source pollution of aquatic ecosystems. MAB Series vol. 23, UNESCO and Parthenon Publishing Group, Paris. 466 pp.

Tomaszek, J. A. 1991. Biochemical transformation of nitrogen compounds in the bottom sediments of the superficial waters. Rzeszow Technnical University Journal 13: 1-155.

Tomaszek, J. A. & Czerwieniec, E. 2000. In situ chamber denitrification measurements in reservoir sediments: an example from southeast Poland. Ecological Engineering 16: 61-71.

Tomlinson, G. W., Fisher, A. G., Clark, R. D. S. 1993. The Paddocks. Stormwater - a community resource. EWS Report No. 93/11. Hydrology Unit, Water Resources Branch, Engineering and Water Supply Department, South Australia.

Townsend, C. R. 1989. The patch dynamic concept of stream community ecology. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 8: 36-50.

Townsend, C. R. & Hildrew, A. 1994. Species traits in relation to a habitat templet for river systems. Freshwater Biology 31: 265-275.

Triska F. J., Kennedy V., Avanzino R. J., Zellweger G. W., Bencala K. E., 1989, Retention and transport of nutrients in a third-order stream in northwestern California: hyporheic processes. Ecology 70: 1893-1905.

Triska, J. F., Duff, J. H. & Avanzino, J. R. 1993. Patterns of Hydrological Exchange and Nutrient Transformation in Hyporheic Zone of Gravel-Bottom Stream: Examing Terrestrial - Aquatic Linkages. Freshwater Biology 29: 259 - 274.

Twinch, A. J. & Grobler D.C. 1986. Pre-impoundment as a eutrophication management option: a simulation study at Hartbeesport Dam. Water S.A. 12: 19-26.

UNEP-IETC. 2002. Phytoremediation as environmentally sound technology for pollution prevention, control and remediation. An Introductory Guide for Decision-makers. 13 pp.

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Extension Service, 1992. Protecting our groundwater.

U.S.EPA, 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocls for Use in Wadeable Streams and Rivers. Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, and Fish. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C/EPA-841–B-99-002.

U.S.EPA, 2000. Introduction to phytoremediation. National Risk Management Research Laboratory ,Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, Ohio 4526. EPA/600/R-99/107

Ueno, Y., Nagata, S., Tsutsumi, T., Hasegawa, A., Watanabe, M.F., Park, H-D., Chen, G-C. & Yu, S-Z. (1996). Detection of microcystins, a blue-green algal hepatotoxin, in drinking water sampled in Haimen and Fusui, endemic areas of primary liver cancer in China, by highly sensitive immunoassay. Carcinogenesis 17, 1317-1321.

Vannote, R. L., Minshall, G. W., Cummins, K. W., Sedell, J. R. & Cushing, C. W. 1980. The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 37: 130-137.

Varlygin, D. & Bazilevich, L. 1992. Production linkages of zonal world plant formations with some climate parameters. Izv. USSR Academy of Sciences, Geograpical ser. No 1: 36-64 (in Russian).

Verdonschot, P. F. M., 1990. Ecological characterization of surface waters in the province of Overijssel (The Netherlands). Ph.D.Thesis, Research Institute for Nature Management, 254 pp.

Verdonschot, P. F. M., 2000. Integrated ecological assessment methods as a basis for sustainable catchment management. Hydrobiologia, 422/423: 389-412.

Verhoeven, J. T. A., Maltby, E. & Schmitz, M. B. 1990. Nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization in tens and bogs. Journal of Ecology 78: 713-726.

Victor, P. A. 1991. Indicators of sustainable develoment: some lessons from capital theory. Ecological Economics 4: 191-213.

Von Weizsacker, E., Lovins, A. B. & Lovins, L. H. 1997. Factor Four. Doubling Wealth- Halving Resource Use. The new Report to the Club of Rome. Earthscan, London.

Vought, L. B.-M., Dahl, J., Pedersen, C. J., Lacousiere, J. O. 1994. Nutrient Retention in Riparian Ecotones. Ambio 23 (6)./p>

Wagner, I. & Zalewski, M. 2000. Effect of hydrological pattern of tributaries on biotic processes in lowland reservoir - consequences for restoration. In: M. Zalewski (Ed.) Special Issue of Ecological Engineering on Ecohydrology. Ecological Engineering 16: 79-90.

Ward, J. V. 1989. The four-dimentional nature of lotic ecosystems. Journal of North American Benthological Society. 8: 2-8.

Ward, J. V. 1998. Riverine landscapes: biodiveristy patterns, disturbance regimes, and aquatic conservation. Biological Conservation 83, 3: 269-278.

Ward, J. V. & Stanford, J. A. 1983. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis: An explanation for biotic diversity patterns in lotic ecosystems. In: Fontaine, T.D. & S.M. Bartell (Eds), Dynamic of Lotic ecosystems, pp. 347-356, Ann Arbor Science Publishers.

Ward, J. V. & J. A. Stanford, 1989. Riverine ecosystems: the influence of man on catchment dynamics and fish ecology. In: D. P. Dodge (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium, Canadian Special Publication on Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 106: 56-64.

Ward, J. V. & J. A. Wiens, 2001.Ecotones of riverine ecosysteems: Role and typology, spatio-temporal dynamics, and river regulation. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, 1: 25-36.

Water in Crisis. 1993. A Guide to the World’s Fresh Water Resources. P. H.Gleick New York–Oxford.

Watras, C. J., & Baker, A. L. 1988. Detection of planktonic cyanobacteria by tandem in vivo fluorometry. Hydrobiologia 169: 77-84.

Webster, J. R., Benfield, E. F. & Cairns, J. 1979. Model predictions of effects of impoundment on particulate organic matter transport in a river system. p: 339-364 In: J. V. Ward & J. A. Stanford (Eds), The Ecology of Regulated Rivers, Plenum, New York.

Welcomme, R. L. 1998. Evaluation of stocking and introductions as management tools. p. 397-414 In: I. G. Cowx (Ed.) Stocking and introduction of fish. Fishing News Books.

Werner, E.E. & Hall, D.J. 1988. Ontogenetic habitat shifts in bluegill: the foraging rate-predation risk trade-off. Ecology 69: 1352-1366.

WFD, 2000. Directive of the European Parliment and of the Council 2000/60/EC Establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy, 1997/0067(COD), C5-0347/2000, LEX 224, PE–CONS 3639/1/00, REV1.

WHO, 1998. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Second edition, Addendum to Volume 2, Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information. World Health Organisation, Geneva.

Winfield, I. J. 1986. The influence of simulated aquatic macrophytes on the zooplankton consumption rate of juvenile roach, Rutilus rutilus, rudd, Scardinus erythophthalmus, and perch, Perca fluviatilis. Journal of Fish Biology 29: 37-48.

Winkler G., Keckeis H., Reckendorfer W. & Schiemer F. 1997. Temporal and spatial dynamics of 0⁺ Chondrostoma nasus, at the inshore zone of a large river. Folia Zoologica. 46 (Suppl. 1): 151-168.

Wolverton, B.C. 1982. Hybrid Waste Water Treatment Systems Using Anaerobic Microorganisms and Reeds. Econ. Bot., 36: 378-388.

Wright, J. F., Furse M. T. & Armitage, P.D. 1993: RIVPACS - a technique for evaluating the biological quality of rivers in the U.K. Water Research 3: 15-25.

Zalewski, M. 1994. Rola ekotonowych stref buforowych w redukcji zanieczyszczeń obszarowych i przyspieszeniu tempa samooczyszczania rzek. p. 25-33 In: M. Zalewski (Ed.) Procesy biologiczne w ochronie i rekultywacji nizinnych zbiorników zaporowych. Bibl. Monitoringu Środ., PIOŚ. Łódź.

Zalewski, M. 1999. Minimising the risk and amplifying the opportunities for restoration of shallow reservoirs. In: D. M. Harper, B. Brierley, A. J. D. Ferguson, G. Phillips (Eds) The Ecological Bases for Lake and Reservoir Management. Kluwer Acad. Publ. The Netherlands. Hydrobiologia 395/396: 107-114.

Zalewski, M. 2000. Ecohydrology the scientific background to use ecosystem properties as management tool toward sustainability of freshwater resources. Guest editorial Ecological Engineering 16: 1-8.

Zalewski, M. 2002. Ecohydrology - the future trends and perspectives of development in the framework of integrative co-operation. In: M. Zalewski (Ed.) The Application of Ecohydrology to Water Resources Development and Management. Proceedings of the Final Conference of the First Phase of the IHP–V Project 2.3/2.4 on Ecohydrology. 16-18 Sept. 2001,Venice, Italy. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology 2 (1-4) (in press).

Zalewski, M. & Naiman R. J. 1985. The regulation of riverine fish communities by a continuum of abiotic –biotic factors. p. 3-9 In: J. S. Alabaster FAO UN Habitat Modification and Freshwater Fisheries. Butterworths Scientific London.

Zalewski, M. & R. J. Wiśniewski (Eds) 1997. Zastosowanie biotechnologii ekosystemalnych do poprawy jakości wód [Application of ecosystem biotechnologies to improvement of the water body quality]. PAN Zeszyty Naukowe 18 Kom. "Człowiek i Środowisko".

Zalewski, M., Frankiewicz, P. 1998. The influence of riparian ecotones on the dynamics of riverine fish communities. p: 87-96 In L. C. de Waal, A. R. G. Large & P.M.Wade. (Eds), Rehabilitation of Rivers, Principles and Implementation. John Wiley & Sons.

Zalewski, M. & Wagner, I. 2000. Ecohydrology. UNESCO Technical Document in Hydrology No. 34, Paris.

Zalewski, M., Frankiewicz, P. & Brewińska, B. 1985. The factors limiting growth and survival of brown trout, Salmo trutta m fario L. introduced to different types of streams. Journal of Fish Biology 27 (Suplemment A): 59-37.

Zalewski, M., Frankiewicz, P. & Nowak, M. 1995. Biomanipulation by ecotone management in a lowland reservoir. Hydrobiologia 303: 49-60.

Zalewski, M., Brewinska-Zaras, B. & Frankiewicz, P. 1990a. Fry communities as a biomanipulating tool in a temperate lowland reservoir. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Beih. Ergebn. Limnologie 33: 763-774.

Zalewski, M., Janauer, G. A. & Jolankai, G. 1997. Ecohydrology. A new paradigm for the sustainable use of aquatic resources. UNESCO IHP Technical Document in Hydrology No. 7. IHP–V Projects 2.3/2.4, UNESCO Paris, 58 pp.

Zalewski, M., Wagner, I. & Tarczyńska, M. 2000. Ecohydrological approach for elimination of toxic algal blooms in lowland reservoir. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung Limnologie 27 :1-8.

Zalewski, M., Brewinska-Zaras, B., Frankiewicz, P. & Kalinowski, S. 1990b. The potential for biomanipulation using fry communities in a lowland reservoir: concordance between water quality and optimal recruitment. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 549-556.

Zalewski, M., Puchalski, W., Frankiewicz, P. & Bis, B. 1994. Riparian ecotones and fish communities in rivers - intermediate complexity hypothesis. p: 152-160 In I.G. Cowx (Ed.), Rehabilitation of Freshwater Fisheries. Fishing News Book.

Zalewski, M., Frankiewicz P., Przybylski, M., Bańbura, J. & Nowak, M. 1990c. Structure and dynamics of fish communities in temperate rivers in relation to the abiotic-biotic regulatory continuum concept. Polskie Archivum Hydrobiologii 37(1-2): 151-176.

Zalewski, M., Bis, B., Łapinska, M., Frankiewicz, P. & Puchalski, W. 1998. The importance of the riparian ecotone and river hydraulics for sustainable basin-scale restoration scenarios. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 8: 287-307.

Zalewski, M., Bis, B., Frankiewicz, P., Łapinska, M. & Puchalski, W. 2001. Riparian ecotone as a key factor for stream restoration. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 1(1-2): 245-253.

Zlotin, R. I. Bazilevich, N. I. 1993. Global maps of organic matter structure in terrestrial ecosystems. p. 7-20 In: A. Breymeyer (Ed.) Geography of organic matter production and decay. SCOPE Seminar. Szymbark 1991.

Table of Contents

Brochure

International Year of Forests

World Environment Day

UNEP Campaign