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PAMOLARE
PAMOLARE 2
In the SDM model parameters are constantly changed to reflect the adaptations and the shifts in species composition in the water body. Exergy, the distance from the thermodynamic equilibrium in the species (considered as a measure of survival), is the most widely used measure for the fitness of species to the changed conditions in the development of this model. What is the value of this Model?.... PAMOLARE II is an SDM model that focuses on Shallow Lakes for advance eutrophication
lake management. It can also be used for restoration purposes or it can be
adapted to wetland conditions. PAMOLARE II also considers species competition
(macrophytes and phytoplankton) and interactions between macrophytes and macrophytes-feeding
fish (cyprinid carps).
PAMOLARE Today, more and more freshwater bodies have become polluted by nutrients originated from agricultural, domestic and industrial sources. This situation causes them to become eutrophied presenting in general algal growth resulting in severe changes of water quality and the ecology. Often times very active toxins (cyanotoxins) for animals and mankind can also be produced by some algae. In an effort to prevent unwanted eutrophication, significant financial resources have been invested in expensive infrastructure and equipment, yet the situation is worsening therefore a number of complementary alternatives should be considered. UNEP-IETC started to look at the problem and provide solutions in a comprehensive manner producing in 1999 the book Planning and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs: An Integrated Approach to Eutrophication (UNEP-IETC; Tech. Pub. Series 11). Continuing with the effort to assist decision makers and interested institutions, agencies and professionals in managing eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs in developing countries and countries with economies in transition a number of numerical models for PCs have been jointly developed. This effort was jointly undertaken with the International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC) and Kyoto University in Japan. The models have been presented in the present Training Package entitled PAMOLARE. The PAMOLARE acronym comes from the title Planning and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs focusing on Eutrophication. This package is a tool that also allows for a better understanding of eutrophication processes including its origins and effects and complements the above-mentioned publication and its Abridged Version. For those who are not familiar with modeling this package also contains Training and a Help menu to assist the user in understanding its basics. Furthermore, the Multiple Choice Test and Lake Concept sub-menus under Training are also recommendable functions of this Package to find out your basic knowledge on limnology. Four models are available in the package and their selection for use must be based upon the availability of data of a given freshwater body. The models are: 1) Vollenweider plot, 2) 4st-model (a 1-layer lake model with 4 state variables plus several additional parameters), 3) 2L-Model (a medium complex 2-layer model) and 4) the Structurally dynamic 2L-Model (a medium complex 2-layer model using exergy to model the structural dynamics of phyto and zooplankton). UNEP-IETC and ILEC have also produced a number of publications related to the Management of Lakes and Reservoirs as well as for the watershed. For further information the user should visit their respective homepages at: www.unep.or.jp and www.ilec.or.jp International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC)
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Eutrophication
of freshwater bodies is a main environmental concern. Indicators of Eutrophication
can include the following: accumlation of algal scum and
toxins from algal blooms, infestations of species of aquatic plants, increased
turbidity, incidence of water-related diseases, noxious odors, depletion of
dissolved oxygen, and tainted fish and fish kills. Structurally Dynamic Model
(SDM) is one type of models that simulates the eutrophication process and related
species responses.