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<Forum on the Caspian, Aral and Dead Seas-Perspective
of Water Environmental Management and Politics>

<Symposium on the Aral Sea and The Surrounding Region
-Irrigated Agriculture and the Environment>

When water-the ultimate source of existence-becomes scarce due to, for example, pollution or other mismanagement, it has the potential of a negative impact on environmental, economic, and political stability.

With the reconfigulation of the former Soviet Union, the two largest salt lakes in the world, the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea, suddenly became water resources to be shared by nine different nations in total. The Caspian Sea meanders through Russia,Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Iraq, whereas its basin also stretches out towards Uzbekistan. The Aral Sea is enclosed by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan and its basin spreads into Kirgistan, Tajikistan and Turkmeniatan throught the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers.

Moreover, it has become painfully clear that the environmental quality of the lakes has degraded; a burden that has to be shared too now by the different countries. In addressing this problem, therefore, we face the challenge to find solutions in a multiple-party arena. In order to develop a strategy to counter the environmental deterioration of the lakes, scientific knowledge as well as an atmosphere of political cooperation and determination is required.

Acknowledging the necessity for such a framework of both technological and political understanding, the United Nations University invited scholars from the Eurasian region as well as from outside this region to participate in a forum on the Caspian, Aral and Dead Sea, held on 27 Marth, 1995. To convene and strengthen the inputs of this forum, a follow- up of two days was scheduled on Marth 28 and 29 during which the participants presented papers of which this publication is a result.

The papers presented in this publication are diverse in nature, technical emphasis, focus and methodology. However, considered together, these proceedings comprise a specialized body of knowledge that will hopefully contribute to sharing of scientific concepts snd test results, within a social -political context.

PART I

FORUM ON THE CASPIAN, ARAL AND DEAD SEAS
Perspectives of Water Environment Management and Politics

1-1. Opening Address
Dr. Richard Meganck, Director, UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC)

1-2. "Management of International Waters in the UNU Programme"
Dr. Juha I. Uito, Academic Officer, United Nations University (UNU), Tokyo

1-3. "Creeping Environmental Phenomena in the Aral Sea Basin"
Dr. Michael Glantz, Director, National Center for Atmosphere Research, USA

1-4. "Perspectives on the International Aral Sea Rehabilitation Fund"
Dr. A. Nurushev, Executive Director, Aral International Rehabilitation Fund

1-5. "Role of International Organizations for Integrated Management of International Water Bodies"
Dr. Mikiyasu Nakayama, The World Bank

1-6. "Environmental Policy Making for Sustainable Development of the Caspian Sea Area"
Prof. Genady N. Golubev, Moscow State University

1-7. "Lake Hamun, a Disaster in the Making"
Dr. Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, University of London

1-8. "Principles for Confidence-Building Measures in the Jordan River Watershed"
Dr. Aaron T. Wolf, University of Alabama

1-9. "United Nations Environment Persepctives on Inland Lake Water Management and Politics"
Dr. Habib N. El-Habr, UNEP

PART II

SYMPOSIUM ON THE ARAL SEA AND THE SURROUNDING REGION
Irrigated Agriculture and Environment

2-1. "World Lakes in Crisis"
Prof. Tatuo Kira, Ex Officio, Scientific Committee Member (ILEC)

2-2. "Some Environmental Economic Models of Kazakhstan"
U.M. Sultangazin, Kazakh National Academy of Sciences and Kyoto University

2-3. "Aral, from Salvation of the Sea to Land Restoration"
Dr. Igor S. Zonn, Soyuzvodproekt, Russia

2-4. "Water Resources Development Problems and Features in the Aral Sea Basin"
Prof. H. Tsutsui and Mr. N. Hatcho, Kinki University

2-5. "Environmental Problems in the Area of Syrdarya and the Aral Sea"
Prof. N. Ishida, Mr. S.Tsujimura, Mr. H. Kubota, Kyoto University, Ms. K. Izumi, Kyoto City

2-6. "Limnological Features of Lakes in Central Asia - Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash"
Dr. H. Maeda, LBRI, Dr. H. Nakahara, Dr. Y. Katayama, Dr. K. Nishimura, Ms. Y. Kawabta, Kyoto University,
Ms. T. Takeda, Kinki University

2-7. "Anthropogenic Dynamics of Vegetation of Central Asia"
Natalia P. Ogar, Kazakh National Academy of Sciences

2-8. "Ecofunctional Analysis of Dryland Vegetation: Strucure, Mechanism and their Changes"
Dr. T. Kobayashi, Mr. A. Morimura, Chiba University, Dr. Y. Moritomo, Osaka Prefectural University

2-9. "Estimation Evapotranspiration in Both Irrigated and Non-Irrigated Lands in Arid District of Central Asia"
Dr. K. Kosugi, Mr. K. Nakajima, Kyoto University, Dr. Y. Fukushima, Nagoya University

2-10."A Strategy for Estmation of Water Budget in the Aral Sea Basin by Atmospheric Water Balance"
Dr. N. Ohte, Kyoto University; Dr. T. Oki, Universiy of Tokyo, Dr. Y. Moritomo, Osaka Prefectural University

2-11. "The Problem of Agricultural Crop Diversity in the Lower Part of the Syrdarya Basin"
Leonid N. Dmitriev, Design Institute "Kazgiprovodkhoz"

2-12. "Irrigation Management on Paddy Based Agriculture in the Deltas of the Aral Sea Basin"
Prof. Y. Ogino, Dr. H. Takaishi, Dr. H. Oue, Osaka Prefectural University, Dr. K. Otsuki, Tottori University

2-13. "Present Problems and Future Prospects of Paddy Fields in Kazakhstan"
Prof. T. Watanabe, Dr. T. Murayama, Kyoto University

2-14. "Water Level Change and Agricultural Irrigation in the Aral Sea"
Dr. Y. Takano, Shimizu Corporation

2-15. "Salt-Affected Soils under Large-Scale Irrigation Agriculture in Kazakhstan"
Prof. T. Kosaki, Mr. R. Suzuki, Kyoto University, Dr. S. Funakawa, Kyoto Prefectural University,
Dr. E. Karbozova, Kazakh Academy of Sciences

APPENDIX

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