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All over the world, lakes and reservoirs are suffering from degradation due to the lack of management and appropriate technologies to facilitate their proper use and preservation. Indonesia is a country in South East Asia with a number of lakes that are utilized for different purposes, and that require the development and implementation of sound management plans, including the use of appropriate technologies. The Government of Indonesia, through the Agency for the Assessment and Applications of Technology (BPP Teknologi), is making efforts to ensure that environmentally sound technologies are used in the planning and management of resources including freshwater bodies. It is in this context that the International Environmental Technology Centre of UNEP collaborated with BPPT in implementing the project Technology Needs for Lake Management in Indonesia.

Originally the project considered six major lakes, but, due to technical and budgetary considerations, the focus had to be given to lakes Rawa Danau and Rawa Penning, both in the island of Java. The past and present characteristics of these water bodies, the organizational structure of the Government Agencies involved in their management, and the difficulty in accessing existing data made this project quite complicated but challenging. In addition, the majority of the field work was done in the haze caused by the smoke from the forest fires, with consequent adverse health effects for one of the members of our research team.

This publication provides a general diagnostic analysis of Rawa Danau and Rawa Penning. It describes and discusses environmentally sound technologies and management practices that are appropriate for the preservation of both water bodies in Indonesia. It is hoped that the project has been beneficial to Indonesian and that this publication will be helpful to the national agency in charge of the assessment and application of technology as well as to other related agencies responsible for the environmental management of Rawa Danau and Rawa Penning.

The information gathered for this project was collected from a number of sources, i.e., journals, archives, publications and other library materials and information materials provided directly by government agencies as well as by experts. The final revision of the present publication was undertaken by V. Santiago from UNEP IETC.

Executive Summary

Introduction

 

A. Principles Underlying This Study

B. The Case Study Document

C. Methods of Investigation

 

Rawa Danau

A. Present Environment and Past Manipulation

B. Impact of Drainage of the Lake

C. Assessment of Hydrological Conditions in the Caldera

D. Assessment of Resultant Ecosystem Changes within the Caldera

E. Assessment of Present Conservation Value of Rawa Danau

F. Demands for Water from Rawa Danau

G. Present Land Use and Management of the Rawa Danau Caldera

H. Effective Future Management of Rawa Danau

I. Conflicts of Interest

J. Precedents for the Restoration of Tropical Lakes

K. Technological Requirements for Ecologically Sustainable Management

1. General Broad Spectrum Environmentally Sound Technological System

2. Particular Technological Requirements

L. Bibliography - Rawa Danau

Appendix 1. Relevant Legislation

 

Rawa Pening

 

A. Present Environment and Origin of the Lake

B.Problems Presented by the Lake

C.Historical Data about Rawa Pening and the Tuntang River

D.Role of Rawa Pening

E.Discussion of Management of Rawa Pening

F.Changes in the Hydrodynamics of Rawa Pening Following Urbanisation

G. Catchment Management Affecting Water Quality

H. Urbanisation in the Catchment

I. Governance

J. Impact of Tourism

K. Use of Water from Rawa Pening for Power Production

L. Available Resources and the Technologies for Their Use

M. Available Technology which could be Employed in Rehabilitation of the Lake

N. The Role of People in Management of the Lake

O. Management of Rawa Pening and Attendant Problems

P. Basic Technological Requirements for Ecologically Sustainable Management of Rawa Pening

Q. Conclusions on Technological Needs for Rawa Pening

R. Bibliography

 

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