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Executive Summary

1. This report deals with the technological requirements to achieve ecological sustainability of two small lakes in Java, Indonesia.

2. The first lake, Rawa Danau, has effectively ceased to exist. Structural evidence from on-site examinations and past literature show that this lake was drained by Dutch engineers in 1825. The lake lay in a caldera and part of the rim of the caldera was removed in 1825 to reduce the water level. Subsequently, a large area of land within the caldera was drained for rice-production.

3. At present, there are increasing pressures from industry for water from the caldera. Water from the existing river, the Ci Danau, is utilized by Krakatau Steel in the city of Cilegon for industry. Much of the land in the caldera is a Cagar Alam (Nature Reserve) of high conservation value. There is evidence from the existing literature that the conservation value of this Nature Reserve has been declining for many years. Nevertheless, it retains high conservation value at the present time, as it represents the last area of swamp forest remaining in Java. Many species of plants and animals in this area survive nowhere else in Java.

4. It is recommended that the rim of the caldera be restored by construction of a small dam to hold water in the caldera.

5. The water held in the caldera would restore, to some degree, the original lake which existed prior to 1825, and which diminished gradually over the succeeding years. This lake would provide increased water supplies for industry. This lake would halt the loss of water from the soil of the swamp forest in the Cagar Alam. Thus the lake would assist in the maintenance of the ecological diversity of the swamp forest, and in sustainable management of the Nature Reserve.

6. Technological requirements to achieve these objectives are detailed. These include an extensive monitoring of the conservation status of components of the swamp forest, along with experimental work to ensure effective regeneration of the important species in the swamp forest.

7. The second lake, Rawa Pening, was a small natural lake prior to 1921. In 1921, a dam was constructed on the Tuntang river, to enable hydro-electric power production using water from a greatly increased lake.

8. The problems of this lake appear to derive from poor or non-existent catchment management, and total absence of any regulation or management of the water in the lake.

9. The surface of the lake is covered with large areas of water hyacinths (Eichornia crassipes). The lake supports a small commercial fishery, and water from the lake is used for irrigation of rice fields. Spring water, which formally flowed into the lake, is now used for the production of bottled water.

10. Existing technologies in use on the lake are documented.

11. Mechanisms and technologies are recommended for management of the resources of the lake. Among the main problems with the lake at present are the level of pollution and the possibility of de-oxygenation.

12. The problems of management of Rawa Pening are compounded by the lack of relevant data. The investigating team was disconcerted by the absence of much of the basic data necessary for any management plan.

13. The major problem appears to be the lack of cooperation between Government Departments and the lack of responsibility for catchment to accept responsibility for catchment management or lake management. There was little perception of the importance of catchment management in affecting water quality.

14. Soft technologies to meet these basic requirements are recommended, along with appropriate organizational structures.

15. In discussion of the findings of the team, some general problems of management of lakes in Indonesia are detailed and recommendations are made in respect of these. It appeared that there is a general lack of awareness of the importance of water resources management.

16. The present study involved field inspections and discussions, where possible, with personnel of relevant Government Departments and a wide range of local industries. For a number of reasons, including lack of time, it was impossible to conduct extensive interviews with local communities and interest groups. Unfortunately, at the end of the investigation, the consultants found that some key documents had not been made available to them. The present Report, and particularly the section on Rawa Pening, should be considered in this light. These limitations are detailed and some of the unseen documents are listed in the Report.

Table of Contents

• Brochure
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• International Year of Forests
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• World Environment Day
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• UNEP Campaign
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