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<Technology Needs for Lake Management in Indonesia - Investigation of Rawa Danau and Rawa Pening, Java> P. Basic Technological Requirements for Ecologically Sustainable Management of Rawa Pening These can be considered under the general headings of - 1) Managerial and Administrative mechanisms for the catchment. 1. Managerial and administrative mechanisms for the catchment It would be necessary to create a new type of management body to supervise and coordinate the management of the catchment as a sustainable ecological entity. This body would need to have a substantial legal base, in view of the problems detailed above. This management body would need to include representatives of the local communities to ensure that the needs of local communities living in the catchment were met. It should include representatives from BAPPEDA and other municipal planning bodies. It should include representatives from the Department of Public Works, from the Department of Transportation, from the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Forestry, and the Department of Tourism, as well as from the City of Salatiga. This management body would need to include representatives of Government conservation bodies, such as PHPA, and of environmentally-oriented NGO organisations, to ensure public awareness that appropriate land use management policies were implemented for environmental conservation and soil conservation. The NGOs represented should include BIOTROP, Wetlands International, and WALHI. Representatives from IPB and a local University should be present. The management body would need to include representatives of the domestic and industrial consumers downstream. This management body would be of considerable size. But it should create a Steering committee to deal with events on a week to week basis. The members of this Steering committee should be able to meet frequently and at short notice so they should be largely senior staff of relevant organisations stationed in and working in the area of Rawa Pening. The Steering Committee should consist of at most six members plus a secretary. It should meet routinely once every three or four months. Matters should be able to be brought before the Steering Committee by members of the management body at any time. Numerous other official bodies would need to be able to be represented on the management body, if required for particular purposes. For instance, the Department of Health might be called on for advice at some point. These other official bodies need not be permanent members of the administrative body. The management body should have authority to request action of appropriate kinds from Government bodies and individuals involved in various ways in the lake and in the catchment. It must have a strong legal basis. The Government management body when created should issue regular reports which are made available freely for consultation by local residents and any member of the public, in the Office of the Bupati/Regent in Semarang. Quarterly reports would seem to be appropriate, with additional reports on special issues to be produced if and when necessary. 2. Authority for coordination by the management body The management body has to have official Government recognition and legal authority, thus empowering it to convene meetings which Government representatives will be expected to attend. It might be appropriate for the management group to meet under the chairmanship of staff from the office of the Bupati, for instance. Staff from the office of the Bupati should then be responsible for secretarial and administrative services to the management group. The precise definition of Departmental responsibilities for the environmental area is still unclear, and the boundaries of Departmental responsibility appear to be obscure. A recent draft discussion paper by Collier (1997) sets out some of the present perceptions of responsibilities as regards BAPEDAL. 3. Infrastructure and facilities for management The new management body will require access to funds and to facilities, as well as to staff. Provision has to be made for these, or the management body will not be able to function effectively. Funds for the management body The management body has to be able to set up an office and to deal with enquiries and requests. It will need a normal office infrastructure, including staff, space, and office equipment. The management body will need funds for the production of maps, for discussions, for requesting surveys, and for circulation of reports. The management body will need the authority to access funds, and to request positive measures by other organisations for which payment may be required. The requirement for funds for the management body will be an on-going requirement for the foreseeable future. At some point in the future it may be possible to impose an entrance fee on users of the lake for access to recreational facilities such as boats for fishing. At present with the lack of organisation of the tourist industry this is not feasible. The fees already charged for removal of peat from the lake bed should be examined to determine whether it would be more appropriate to have the fees paid to the management body of the lake. Some fishermen using the platforms apparently pay fees for the use of the platforms. The question is whether it is appropriate for the owners of the platforms to pay the management body a small sum each year for use of the water resources of the lake. The trouble with this proposal is that the economics of the fishery are so poor present that it is doubtful whether the platform owners make any significant profit. However, it should be possible to charge for the use of water from the lake for power production. Such funds should flow to the management body. The imposition of a charge on the use of spring water in the catchment for the production of bottled water should be considered. Both of these cases represent an industrial concern making a profit from a free resource and both should be prepared to acknowledge their use of that free resource is this way. In the interim, before an organised and reliable flow of funds is available, the Government should be prepared to meet the needs of the management organisation Facilities for the management body The management body will require some hardware such as computers. It will also benefit from relevant software such as purpose-designed expert systems, which can be used to predict water level rises in the lake from information on rainfall in the different river catchments. Software, such as linear programming systems, for the production and implementation of optimisation decisions on the use of water from the lake will be essential. Other software will include data recording systems for communities along the shores of the new lake. It will be desirable to establish records of health, income, education and occupation among these communities. 4. Information supply and availability One of the most striking features about the present investigation has been the difficulty of obtaining the relevant information about Rawa Pening. In some cases, there is a degree of reluctance on the part of individuals with useful information to divulge the information. Information is seen as having value and thence power. So one keeps it to oneself or one can choose to sell it for an appropriate sum. It was necessary to travel from the offices of one organisation to another to get the relevant documentation. Much important information was only obtainable from a staff member of the Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana in Salatiga who was able to provide the team with the last available copy of a detailed report on the investigations carried out on Rawa Pening over a 10 year period beginning in the 1970s. This was a vital document. This raises the question of where copies of this document should be deposited now. At present there is nowhere that such a document can be guaranteed to survive. The administrative body managing Rawa Pening should establish a central library dealing with Rawa Pening. Books and papers should not be allowed to be taken from the library by anyone. Photocopies should be available of items as requested, after payment of a photocopying charge. The library should be based on a collection of the existing papers and maps, accumulated by positive searching, and by personal contacts with those known to have worked on Rawa Pening in the past. 5. Centralised data base dealing with the ecosystem as a whole In addition to the library facilities mentioned above which are essential if the management body is to have any semblance of logic to defend its actions, there is a need for a centralised Data Base. In addition to books and papers published in the past dealing with the lake and its catchment and the associated problems of management, new data and statistics dealing with the lake and the catchment, will be coming in to various Departments every day. From these Departments the incoming data and statistics should flow, as copies, to the central Data Base. The centralised Data Base should act as a local centre at which copies of all relevant statistical data on river flows, climate, rainfall, temperature, numbers of tourists, water level, fish production, as well as socio-economic statistics from individual kampungs in the area, numbers of children attending school, age structure of the population, etc., are deposited. This data base centre will have to be equipped with computers and a computer specialist operator will need to be employed, on a part-time basis, to check on the operation of the system. Access to the data in an integrated Data Base will be vital for the definition of management policies on a year to year basis.
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