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<Technology Needs for Lake Management in Indonesia - Investigation of Rawa Danau and Rawa Pening, Java> K. Technological Requirements for Ecologically Sustainable Management of Rawa Danau These appear to fall into three groups, which may not be well defined in some cases. The separation forms a useful basis for consideration of the technologies. It need not imply any basic functional separation. These groups are - 1. General, broad spectrum, technological systems, with hard and soft components 1. General Broad Spectrum Environmentally Sound Technological Systems These can be considered under the general headings of - Managerial and administrative mechanisms for the caldera as a whole Managerial and administrative mechanisms for the caldera as a whole It would be necessary to create a new type of management body to supervise and coordinate the management of the caldera and the surrounding catchment, as a sustainable ecological entity. This new management body would require legal recognition, which might call for special legislation from the Government. The present legal requirements are obscure, as new environmental legislation is before the Government at present. This legislation involves the allocation of responsibility for management of such environmentally significant areas which affect the functioning of many different Government Departments to BAPEDAL and to BAPEDALDA (see Section G1 above). If the area were solely Cagar Alam, then no special legislation would be necessary as the Conservation Directorate General of the Forestry Department would remain in control of the area. This management body would need to include representatives of the local communities to ensure that the needs of local communities living near or in the caldera were met. This management body would need to include representatives of Government conservation bodies, such as PHPA, and of environmentally oriented NGO organisations, to ensure that appropriate water management policies were implemented to maximise the conservation of biodiversity. The NGOs represented should include members from BIOTROP, the office of Wetlands International, and from WALHI. Representatives from IPB and a local University should be present. The management body would need to include representatives of the domestic and industrial consumers from Cilegon to ensure that due account was taken of the requirements of Cilegon for good quality water supplies. The very positive input of the Krakatau Steel Group of industries at Cilegon to investigation of the ecological systems and environmental issues involved in the management of Rawa Danau should be recognised and this Group should have a significant role on the management body. The Krakatau Steel Group has made a positive input in the past to improvement of the management of the conservation area, though this has been entirely voluntary. This Group owns the land at the exit from Rawa Danau where it would be most appropriate to construct a dam, and their cooperation would be essential in any further progress with the recommendations advanced in this report. Numerous other official bodies would need to be able to be represented on the management body, if required for particular purposes. For instance, the Department of Health might be called on for advice at some point. These other official bodies need not be permanent members of the administrative body. The management of the caldera would be a major problem in itself, but to restore a tropical lake within the caldera adds another dimension to an already complex problem. Specialist staff would seem to be a necessity. However these need not be permanent staff. Qualified, relevant expertise is available from organisations such as Wetlands International, BIOTROP, and IPB all of which are based in Bogor, and organisations such as PT Jasa Tirta, in Malang. Certain individuals could be contracted to provide advice and to attend meetings of the management body. This management body should become operational and effective during the planning phase. It should have authority to request action of appropriate kinds from Government bodies and individuals involved in various ways in the caldera. It should continue to operate throughout the construction and monitoring phase and remain as the management body for the restored lake and swamp forest. The Government administrative body when created should issue regular reports which are made available freely for consultation by local residents and any member of the public, in the Office of the Bupati/Regent in Serang. Quarterly reports would seem to be appropriate, with additional reports on special issues to be produced if and when necessary. Authority for coordination by management body The management body has to have official Government recognition, thus empowering it to convene meetings at which Government representatives will be expected to attend. The management body might be expected to meet regularly, once per month, and for special meetings, at short notice, if necessary. It might be appropriate for the management group to meet under the chairmanship of staff from the office of the Bupati, for instance. Staff from the office of the Bupati should then be responsible for secretarial and administrative services to the management group. The precise definition of Departmental responsibilities for the environmental area is still unclear, and the boundaries of Departmental responsibility appear to be obscure. A recent draft discussion paper by Collier (1997) sets out some of the present perceptions of responsibilities as regards BAPEDAL. The reader is referred to that paper and to publications on the conservation aspects of Forestry Department responsibility. A detailed assessment of environmental legislation and the fields of responsibility of various Departments in environmental management is beyond the scope of this investigation. Infrastructure and facilities for management The new management body will require access to funds, and to facilities, as well as to staff. Provision has to be made for these or the proposed development will not be successful. Funds for the management body The management body has to be able to set up an office and to deal with enquiries and requests. It will need a normal office infrastructure, including space. The management body will need funds for the production of maps, for discussions, for requesting surveys, and for circulation of reports. The management body will need the authority to access funds, and to request positive measures, such as the removal or elimination of Mimosa pigra plants. It is not at all certain whether funds should be made available directly to the management body for the construction of a dam at the exit from Rawa Danau. It may be that this will be more appropriately dealt with in some other way. Certainly the management body has to have a controlling voice in decision making on the type of dam to be constructed and on the mode of operation expected from it. It would be irrational and disastrous if a dam were constructed which did not meet the anticipated needs of the management body. Therefore the management body has to be established before planning starts for the design and construction of the dam. The capital costs involved in this project, while not large, may not form a priority item for Government expenditure, as the Government of Indonesia has many conflicting demands for funds placed on it. Funding for the construction of a suitable dam and/or for management of the caldera as an integrated management area of a unique kind might be forthcoming from certain international conservation bodies. As explained in Section J, this proposed approach to the restoration and integrated management for conservation of a tropical aquatic ecosystem has no precedent. It should present many opportunities for the definition of new techniques for lake restoration and management and for the investigation of the consequences of such restoration. The lessons learned should be applicable in many other countries. International organisations such as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, and the World Wide Fund for Conservation, may well be receptive to application for funds to assist with this project. The requirement for funds for the management body will be an on-going requirement for the foreseeable future. At some point in the future it may be possible to impose an entrance fee on users of the lake for recreation. This may eventually flow to the management body. Facilities for the management body The management body will require some hardware such as computers. It will also benefit from relevant software such as purpose designed expert systems, which can be used to predict water level rises in the lake from information on rainfall in the different river catchments. Other software will include data recording systems for communities along the shores of the new lake. It will be desirable to establish records of income and of offences against the conservation laws in the swamp forest, as well as many other aspects of village life which may have been affected by the creation of the lake. It is noteworthy that some totally unexpected effects may appear. Only detailed monitoring of the population will reveal such effects. For instance, in some cases, the creation of a lake has led to a sudden increase in the occurrence of parasitic infections coming from fish, or from vectors such as snails. Information supply and availability One of the most striking features about the present investigation has been the difficulty of obtaining the relevant information. In some cases, there is a degree of reluctance on the part of individuals with useful information to divulge the information. Information which someone else needs or wants is perceived as being useful because either it can be exchanged for money or for services of some kind. So information is seen as a commodity, which is more valuable if it is information which is restricted to a few people. The most valuable information is information which is known only to one person and may confer on that individual access to power or rewards It has been necessary to travel from the offices of one organisation to another to get the relevant documentation. In the case of the vital paper by Endert (1932), not a single complete copy of the original paper could be obtained in Jakarta or Bogor. A photocopy was eventually found after five weeks search by the Interlibrary Loan Service in the library of the University of California in Berkeley. It is almost certain that copies of this vital document do exist in West Java. It has not been possible in the time available to locate copies of the earlier papers dealing with the structural alteration of the caldera by Dutch engineers early in the last Century. Copies of these documents probably still exist in the archives of the Government of the Netherlands, but to access them would call for specialist services in the Netherlands. If the recommendation to construct a dam at the exit from the caldera is accepted, then copies of these documents should be actively sought. It would normally be quite beyond the capacity of the normal Indonesian scientist, working in Java, to access the resources and finance necessary to retrieve this crucial paper by Endert. Again, this raises the question of where copies of this document should be deposited now. At present there is nowhere that they can be guaranteed to survive. No librarian can be expected to understand the importance of this paper for decision making on Rawa Danau. Maps and data on re-greening in the catchment of the caldera are held by the Forestry Department office in Serang, along with maps of the green belt around the Cagar Alam. The report on the possible sites for dams to allow augmentation of the water supplies for Cilegon are held by the JICA office in Jakarta. The volume of the National Conservation Plan of 1982 dealing with Java is not held by the Forestry office in Serang. It should be available in the PHPA library in Bogor. The recent publication on the Ecology of Java and Bali is available in bookshops in Jakarta and Bogor. It is questionable whether it will appear on the bookshelves of Government offices, other than those of the Department of the Environment. Much information on the water resources and needs of Cilegon came from staff of Krakatau Tirta Industri, to whom the investigation team is indebted. Much information on biological surveys came from the library of Wetlands International, which is to be congratulated on having maintained a relevant and valuable collection of the literature on Rawa Danau which is indexed and available for consultation. Conclusion - There is a need for the administrative body managing Rawa Danau to establish a central library dealing with Rawa Danau. Books and papers should not be allowed to be taken from the library by anyone. Photocopies should be available of items as requested, after payment of a photocopying charge. The library should be based on a collection of the existing papers and maps, accumulated by positive searching. Centralised data base dealing with the caldera as a whole In addition to the library facilities mentioned above which are essential if the management body is to have any semblance of logic to defend its actions, there is a need for a centralised Data Base. In addition to books and papers published in the past dealing with the caldera and the associated problems of management, new data and statistics dealing with the caldera will be coming in to various Departments every day. The centralised Data Base should act as a local centre at which copies of all relevant statistical data on river flows, climate, rainfall, temperature, numbers of tourists, level of illegal tree felling in the caldera, amount of patrol work completed each month, socio-economic statistics from individual kampungs in the caldera, numbers of children attending school, age structure of the population, etc., are deposited. This data base centre will have to be equipped with computers to deal with the flow of incoming information. Initially, the centre may require the services of a computer specialist during installation of the system and to check on the running of the software. After an appropriate running-in period the system should be able to be operated by trained personnel on the staff of the centre. At least two members of staff should be fully acquainted with the detailed operation of the system, but most members of staff should be able to enter and retrieve data from the system. Access to the data in an integrated Data Base will be vital for the definition of management policies on a year to year basis.
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