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H. Effective Future Management of Rawa Danau

1. Available options

There appear to be three main options as follows. They can be separated on the basis of three criteria.

Are bureaucratic obstacles to a new form of administrative body insurmountable?

Is the present administrative system for the Cagar Alam effective and adequate?

If Yes - Option 1, If No - Options 2 and 3

Is it acceptable to flood a large section of the caldera and force the evacuation of several kampungs, involving hundreds of people, and lose a large area used for rice production?

If Yes - Option 2, If No - Option 3

Option 1: Continue the present management policy with no active interventional management for the Cagar Alam.

Option 2: Create a shallow lake adjacent to the swamp forest, by construction of a low dam at the exit from the Rawa.

Option 3: Create a low barrier across the width of the floor of the caldera to restrict the loss of water from the swamp forest.

These options for management objectives have to be compared with the management methods and land use employed in the caldera at present.

2. Summary of consequences of management options

Option 1

The present lack of positive management and lack of adequate guarding of conservation values by PHPA will not prevent human interference with the swamp forest including cutting down trees, starting fires, and hunting for wildlife. Drainage of the swamp forest will continue and is likely to be a major cause of its deterioration.

This option would lead eventually to further loss of conservation values in the Cagar Alam, and to the existence of a large area of abandoned sawah and unused land in the caldera, which would lead to public outcry and disenchantment with Government Policy. It would provide no increase in water supplies for Cilegon. This is the likely fate of Rawa Danau at present.

Option 2

Several small kampungs would be affected, displacing several hundred people. The dam would restore part of the original lake in the caldera assisting the survival and regeneration of the swamp forest. Many of the lake shore residents who were disadvantaged by the loss of their land, might be offered the opportunity to use fish farming as an alternative source of income. This option would offer many opportunities for employment of local residents in ecotourism and recreational tourism on the lake and the lake shore (see section on tourism below). This option would provide a substantially increased volume of good quality water for domestic and industrial use in Cilegon.

Option 3

An embankment across the floor of the caldera below the main area of swamp forest would allow water to be retained within the main area of swamp forest, east of the junction of the Cikalumpang and the Ci Danau. Such a barrier would have to be provided with sluice gates to allow control of water releases.

Water storage would be much lower than for option 2, so water supplies for Cilegon would not be significantly improved. It might be very difficult to control water retention within such an embankment, in view of the organic content of the soils. The presence of large numbers of buried tree stumps would allow rapid seepage of water under the embankment and through the soil. The original lake would not be restored. This would be an expensive option. It is not certain whether it would even be feasible from the engineering viewpoint, as the soil may be unsuitable. It might not be feasible to maintain water in it during the dry season. It might necessitate some alteration to the present river channels. It would provide permanent vehicle access to the Cagar Alam and would allow greatly increased levels of illegal use of the swamp forest. This option is not recommended for the reasons given here.

The possible extent of a restored lake within the Rawa Danau caldera is shown on maps of vegetation types and land use. Data on land use and vegetation is taken from the AWB/PHPA report (1993).

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