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<Integrated Waste Management Practices To Protect Freshwater Resources: Case Studies From West Asia, The Mediterranean, And The Arab Region> Solid Waste Management in Lebanon
Solid Waste collection and disposal services deteriorated greatly during the civil war in Lebanon. Municipal collection services deteriorated to the point where they became non-existent. Slow burning and uncontrolled dumping of municipal solid wastes with frequent intermingling of hospital and other hazardous wastes on the streets, hillsides, vacant lots, and on seashores have been the common methods practiced for solid waste disposal resulting in serious land, sea, and air pollution problems. Following the end of the war, the Government of Lebanon through the Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR), has launched the National Emergency Reconstruction Plan (NERP), which is a multi-sector program for the rehabilitation of the country infrastructure to overcome the deficiencies that have been resulted. Subsequently, the rehabilitation of existing solid waste management is being carried out utilizing a loan from the World Bank under SWEMP project. The project would resolve all the municipal waste management problems of
Lebanon. It will put in place the basic policy, project management and
physical/equipment infrastructure for sustainable waste management practices on
a pilot model basis. The project would establish an integrated solid waste
management system in selected municipalities with priority given to those given
to those municipalities which are ready to provide a landfill site. The project
components would be limited to financing improved collection and disposal of
municipal waste, a model of cost recovery and providing technical and
engineering assistance to CDR, MMRA, MOE, and the municipalities. Lebanon is divided into 6 governorates and
25 districts. Municipal services are provided by the municipalities, which are
overseen by the Kaimakam (the administrative head of the district) and
supervised by the Ministry of Municipalities and Rural Affairs (MMRA). Refuse
collection is carried out either by municipal workers or contracted out to the
private sector. During implementation, many districts create municipal
associations covering a whole governorate in order to facilitate supporting
activities and attain an economy of scale.
There is no well-defined national policy on waste management in Lebanon, but the development of a general legal framework for the management of MSW disposal is receiving great attention. Administratively, the local municipality in coordination with (MMRA) is responsible for MSW management at a local level. At a global level, the Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) in consultation with MMRA, and the Ministry of Environment (MOE), is the ultimate responsible authority for the development and implementation of a national policy to manage MSW disposal. The CDR is bidding a contract for the detailed engineering design and bidding documents in accordance with the terms of reference which require the consultants to carry out a complete Environmental Analysis (EA) for each site in accordance to guidelines set by the World Bank Operational Directive (OD) 4.01 (1991). Engineering design and bidding documents for the treatment facilities submitted to the Bank for approval prior to award of contracts for site development. Before providing the service, an environmental impact assessment (EIA) should be done which cover environment, social, and economical effects. The preparation of EIA of the waste disposal infrastructure facilities benefits in allowing an identification of key environmental issues, which the project will encounter. It provides guidance on the detailed studies that need to be carried out to allow these concerns to be fully addressed. Such an approach is particularly important in the planning of waste disposal systems, where there are frequently strong localized fears and opposition to sanitary landfill and other facility proposals. Consulting contracts for the detailed engineering design and bidding documents will be awarded by international competition. The CDR commissioned CAVAGLIA - BATCO to develop the site into a well-controlled landfill, and designated Liban Consult as the consultant to provide technical assistance to the Government through the supervision of the operator's activities at the site. The consultant's work program should include development of detailed design to implement mitigation measures, on-the-job training of counterpart local environmental professionals, and explicit inclusion of the mitigation and design measures in construction contract tender documents. During construction, the consultant provides additional supervision to ensure conformity to the mitigation measures specified in the tender documents. In addition to these services, the consultant responsibility is the preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the proposed landfill site. During the design phase, international engineering consultants work with local engineering consultants so that training in sanitary landfill design occurs. The operation and maintenance of the new sanitary landfill works is carried out for an initial period by the contractor appointed for the construction. He is responsible for establishing and executing the facility. All bidding packages for works and goods estimated to cost US$250,000
equivalent or more, and consultant contracts over US$100,000 would be subject to
Bank's prior review. So far the involvement of the private sector has been
limited to service contracts.
Population of the Caza of Zahle is 140,000 where the solid waste generation rate is estimated in 1997 as 0.8 kg/cap/day. This is consistent with the waste production rate for middle income countries quoted in internationally accepted texts (Holmes, 1984). Total product is 112 ton/day, and there is 38,000 ton/year street sweeping which ranges 5 - 10% of municipal solid waste, that means the total waste is 115 ton/day, or 42,000 tons/yr. Waste composition varies substantially with socio-economic conditions, season, location, and any other factors. Table 1 describes the average composition of unsorted MSW in Zahle. Clearly, the waste is rich in organic materials and hence has high moisture content. The local authorities have been given the responsibility for the collection and disposal of almost all types of waste, commercial as well as municipal. But in Zahle, the case is that the municipality had on-going contract with the private sector for municipal work. Private waste contractor under the overall supervision of the municipality does the street sweeping, cleaning roads, and other public places. MSW collection and transportation in Zahle includes in general the picking up of solid wastes from houses and various sources (e.g. collection containers) and then dump them in a designated area for the time being. The current equipment used for collection consists of different types of small truck and pick up such as Renault with full capacity of 5 tons, Toyota (4.5 tons), Dodge (4 tons) and Ford (2.5 tons). The number of trips per week differ from one place to another depends on the capacity of the area and where it is only residential or commercial, urban or rural. In general it is daily in the city. Some of these collection vehicles are old and require replacement.
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