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Today, more and more freshwater bodies have become polluted by nutrients originating from agricultural, domestic and industrial sources. This situation causes these freshwater bodies to become eutrophied. In an effort to prevent this problem, significant financial resources have been invested in expensive infrastructure and equipment, yet the situation is worsening. Furthermore, there has been a misconception that the only way to prevent the problem is through the use of technology. Technology can assist in this endeavor, but it is not the only answer.

This Students Guide deals with the eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs by considering its origins, consequences, solutions, and prognoses under an integrated approach. The objective is to assist local authorities in their effort to prevent, reduce, and control the eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs through the application of sound management practices. This publication outlines a new approach to water resources management, emphasizing the need to integrate and solve simultaneously the social, cultural, economic, environmental and other problems associated with eutrophication. The watershed approach is highlighted as a strategy to be adopted in the successful management of water quality in lakes and reservoirs.

FOREWARD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

INTRODUCTION

1. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF EUTROPHICATION

Introduction
Limnological Background
Characteristics of Eutrophication
Effects of Eutrophication
Assessment Approaches
Modeling Approaches
Study Questions

2. TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF EUTROPHICATION CONTROL

Introduction
Sources of Pollutants
Wastewater Treatment System
Selection of a Proper Solution to Defined Wastewater Problems
Ecological Approaches to Sanitation
Waste Disposal Problems
Control of Land Use
Lake Restoration Methods
Sediment Control
Monitoring as a Management and Decision-Making Tool in Water Quality
Decision-Making for Eutrophication Management and Control
Study Questions

3. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF EUTROPHICATION

Introduction
The Economics of Eutrophication
Using Regulations and Incentives to Reduce Eutrophication
Choosing Regulations: Benefit-Cost Analysis
Measuring Costs and Benefits of Reducing Eutrophication
Study Questions

4. PUBLIC AWARENESS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

Introduction
Environmental Public Awareness
Tools of Public Awareness Development
Information Sources and Dissemination
Characteristics of the Most Effective Tools
Public Participation
Environmental Education
Funding
Study Questions

5. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF EUTOPHICATION

Introduction
Societies and their Social and Cultural Aspects of Water
Study Questions

6. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Introduction
Background
Strategies for Eutrophication Control
Institutional Framework
Regulatory Framework
Resources
Study Questions

7. MANAGEMENT ISSUES

Introduction
Basic Components of a Management Structure
Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe
Lessons Learned from Lake Chivero
Management Experiences in Eastern and Central Europe
Management Concerns related to Climate Change
Study Question

• Major Projects
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• DEBRI Project
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• Iraqi Marshlands Project
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• IETC's Tools
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• ESTIS facilitates creation and management of websites on the Internet, sharing and searching of information across multiple ESTIS websites, publishing of information by non-web designers and decentralized management of content.
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• WiseWater is a spreadsheet application for projecting reductions in Water Consumption Patterns after application of Environmentally Sound Technologies. It is included as part of the publication "Every Drop Counts: Environmentally Sound Technologies for Urban and Domestic Water Use Efficiency".
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• PAMOLARE is an environmental modelling tool to forecast the changes in water quality leading to the eutrophication of Lakes and Reservoirs.
  The versatility of PAMOLARE allows for its use in decision making process as well as for training purposes.
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