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Newsletter and Technical Publications
<Planning and Management of Lakes and
Reservoirs:
An Integrated Approach to Eutrophication>
Today, more and more freshwater bodies have become polluted by nutrients
originating from agricultural, domestic and industrial sources. This
situation causes these freshwater bodies to become eutrophied. In an
effort to prevent this problem, significant financial resources have been
invested in expensive infrastructure and equipment, yet the situation is
worsening. Furthermore, there has been a misconception that the only way
to prevent the problem is through the use of technology. Technology can
assist in this endeavor, but it is not the only answer.
The process of eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs is very much
related to how society functions. These societal factors are rarely
comprehensively addressed, even when experts undertake the diagnosis of
existing environmental problems.
UNEP, as the lead agency on environmental matters for the United
Nations, ensures that a holistic and multisectoral approach is followed
when analyses are made and solutions are provided to address environmental
problems like the eutrophication of freshwater bodies. Recognizing that
the problem of eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs and its rate of
appearance is becoming larger all over the world, the International
Environmental Technology Centre of UNEP has produced this publication.
The book "Planning and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs: An
Integrated Approach to Eutrophication" is the result of the
participation of 26 experts involved with the management of freshwater
resources from Africa, Europe, North and South America, Asia and Oceania.
Their experiences on the causes and possible ways to prevent
eutrophication have been assembled here. While this publication is not
intended to be a technical manual on how to prevent or solve the problem
of eutrophication, it does provide a comprehensive view of the essential
components and processes to address the issue effectively.
A Training Module designed for training personnel involved in watershed
planning has also been produced to complement the book. This element of
capacity building ensures that information is disseminated, and that
knowledge drawn from experience is put into practice at the regional,
sub-regional and national levels.
Eutrophied water bodies can cause severe economic, environmental and
social problems. The comprehensive management of water resources,
particularly lakes and reservoirs, is vital for the sustainability of
communities. With the release of this publication, UNEP-IETC believes it
has produced a value-added publication on the management of lakes and
reservoirs, specifically addressing eutrophication. A holistic perspective
will lead to a better understanding of the issue, enabling stakeholders to
deal with eutrophication in an environmentally appropriate fashion.
----- Table of Contents -----
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF EUTROPHICATION
- 1.1. Introduction
- 1.2. Eutrophication as an Environmental
Problem
- 1.2.1. Limnological Background
- 1.2.2. External Loading to Lakes
- 1.2.3. Internal Supply
- 1.2.4. Role of Sediments in
Eutrophication
- 1.2.5. Limiting Factors
- 1.3. Impact of Eutrophication
- 1.3.1. Characteristics of Eutrophication
- 1.3.2. Effects of Eutrophication
- 1.3.3. Case Studies of Effects
of Eutrophication
- 1.4. Causes of Eutrophication
- 1.4.1. Assessment Approach
- 1.4.2. Modeling Approach
- 1.4.3. Results of Assessment of
Eutrophication
- 1.5. Management Guidelines
- 1.6. Conclusions and Recommendations
CHAPTER 2. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF EUTROPHICATION
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. Global Societies and their Social
and Cultural Aspects of Water
- 2.3. Development Status
- 2.4. Approaches to Solution of
Eutrophication
- 2.5. Examples of History and Culture
in Improving Aquatic Environment
- 2.5.1. The Indian Scenario
- 2.5.2. Lake Malawai and East
African Great Lakes Region
2.6. Conclusions and
Recommendations
CHAPTER 3. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. General Background
- 3.3. Basic Principles
- 3.3.1. International Experience
- 3.3.2. The Watershed Approach
3.4. Policies for Eutrophication
Control
- 3.4.1. International Background
- 3.4.2. Some Relevant Management
Tools to Support Eutrophication Control Policy
3.5. Institutional Framework
- 3.5.1. General Background
- 3.5.2. Institutional
Organization for Water Resources Management
- 3.5.3. River Basin Committees
- 3.5.4. Some Key Issues
Concerning Institutional Organization for Eutrophication
Management
3.6. Regulatory Framework
- 3.7. Resources
- 3.7.1. Human Resources
3.8. Conclusions and
Recommendations
CHAPTER 4. PUBLIC AWARENESS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Environmental Public Awareness
- 4.2.1. Tools of Public Awareness
Development
- 4.2.2. Short Characteristics of
the Most Effective Tools
4.3. Public Participation
- 4.3.1. Decision Making Process
with Public Participation
- 4.3.2. Identification of
Stakeholders and Methods for Screening
- 4.3.3. Forms of Public
Involvement
- 4.3.4. Stimulation and
Integration of Stakeholders
- 4.4. Environmental Education
- 4.4.1. Education of Children and
School Pupils
- 4.4.2. Environmental Education
in High Schools and Universities
- 4.4.3. Education of
Decision-Makers
- 4.4.4. Selection of Educational
Material
- 4.4.5. The Role of Art in
Education
- 4.4.6. Evaluating Progress of
Public Environmental Education
4.5. Funding
- 4.6. Conclusions and Recommendations
CHAPTER 5. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF EUTROPHICATION
- 5.1. Introduction
- 5.1.1. Scope of the Chapter
- 5.1.2. Relevant Elements of the
Chapter
5.2. Allocation of Water Resources
and Eutrophication
- 5.2.1. Private and Social
Interests
- 5.2.2. Water Scarcity and
Institutional Constrains
- 5.2.3. The Economics of
Eutrophication
5.3. Sources and Impact of
Eutrophication
- 5.3.1. Economic Sources of
Eutrophication (Backward Linkages)
- 5.3.2. Economic Impacts of
Eutrophication (Forward Linkages)
- 5.3.3. Evidence on the Economic
Impacts of Eutrophication
5.4. Economic Mechanisms for
Prevention and Control
- 5.4.1. Conceptual Framework
- 5.4.2. Description of Economic
Instruments
- 5.4.3. Development of Markets
5.5. Economic Evaluation of
Eutrophication
- 5.5.1. Overview of Benefit-cost
Analysis
- 5.5.2. Valuation Methodologies
5.6. Examples of Costs of
Eutrophication Control and Benefits-Costs Analysis in Lake
Management
- 5.7. Conclusions and Recommendations
CHAPTER 6. TECHNOLOGICAL AND MANAGERIAL ASPECTS OF EUTROPHICATION
- 6.1. Introduction
- 6.2. Waste Water Treatment System
- 6.3. Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs)
- 6.4. Constructed Wetlands
- 6.5. Ecological Approach to Sanitation
- 6.6. Selection of a Proper Solution to
Different Waste Water Problems
- 6.7. Waste Disposal Problems
- 6.8. Land Use Control
- 6.9. Sediment Remediation
- 6.9.1. Watershed Sediment
Control
6.10. Monitoring as a Management
and Decision-Making Tool in Water Quality and Eutrophication
- 6.10.1. Setting Program
Objectives
- 6.10.2. Types of Monitoring
- 6.10.3. Decision-Making for
Eutrophication Management and Control
- 6.10.4. Data for Eutrophication
Management and Control
- 6.11. Restoration Methods
- 6.11.1. Examples of Remediation
of Reservoirs
- 6.12. Conclusions and Recommendations
CHAPTER 7. MANAGEMENT
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Management of Water Reservoirs:
The Russian Experience
- 7.2.1. Environmental Conditions
of the Water Reservoirs
- 7.2.2. Management of External
Nutrients Load in Water Reservoirs
- 7.2.3. Management of the
Internal Water Exchange within the Water Reservoirs
- 7.2.4. Methodology for Designing
the Environmental Reconstruction of the Water Reservoirs
- 7.2.5. Perspectives
- 7.3. Management of Lakes and
Reservoirs in Africa and Other Parts of the World
- 7.3.1. Management Systems:
Selected Examples of Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements
- 7.3.2. Institutional and
Infrastructure Requirements
- 7.4. Management of Reservoirs in Latin
America
- 7.4.1. General Characteristics
of the Reservoirs
- 7.4.2. Management of the
Reservoirs
- 7.4.3. Ecotechnologies for
Watershed/Reservoir Management
- 7.5. Climate Changes
- 7.6. New Approach to the Management of
Water Resources
- 7.7. Conclusions and Recommendations
CHAPTER 8. NEW APPROACH TO EUTROPHICATION
CONTROL: IMPROVING MANAGEMENT CAPACITY
LOCATION OF LAKES
GLOSSARY
ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTED READING
INDEX
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